We use cookies to help give you the best experience. However, keeping your dog away from these leaves will reduce the risk of any potential problems occurring. 1 bay leaf is unlikely to be an issue, but bay leaves have the could potential to cause some irritation to the stomach and intestine which may result in vomiting and diarrhea. Bay laurel leaves look similar to leaves of the evergreen shrub known as English or cherry laurel. Yes! Any level of pain in a dogs mouth or throat is uncomfortable for them and can cause them stress. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2023 Pet Care Advisors | All Rights Researved. Bay leaves are toxic for dogs. Ingesting Bay leaves can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and digestive issues. Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) is an aromatic leaf commonly used in cooking. When it comes to introducing new food to your canine friends, make sure to introduce it slowly and gradually. Bay leaves are toxic for dogs. You can also try food puzzles to stimulate your dogs brain and get them to engage with something other than leaves. Poisoning from acorns is most likely to occur in the autumn months when these fruits have fallen to the ground. Maybe youve thought about giving your dog a taste while adding some aromatic bay leaves to a slow simmering stew. The sooner you get treatment, the better chances your dogs have in surviving. There is much debate surrounding the health effects of eating bay leaves. People have thought that bay leaves were unsafe for consumption for many reasons. HayFarmGuyis a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". In fact, bay leaves are considered to be toxic to dogs due to the presence of a substance called eugenol plus a number of other essential oils. Bay leaves are toxic to dogs, which is why you should store these in a place where they cant reach. Your email address will not be published. What would cause a dog to break out in hives? Bay leaves are often used to add flavor to soups, stews, braises, and other slow-cooked dishes. Aside from adding flavor and fragrance to your recipes, you can also use bay leaves to deter insects. Bay leaves contain highly toxic contents that make them unsafe for your dog's consumption. This rule applies to both humans and dogs, but since the whole leaf can be somewhat bitter, it is not recommended that you eat the leaf but rather, remove it before consuming the dish it was used to flavor. Bay leaves are considered safe for most people, but you'll want to use caution if any of the following scenarios applies to you: You have diabetes. Ultimately, it is not harmful for your dog to eat a few leaves here and there, as its part of their natural curiosity. Bay leaves, of which there are numerous types, are often placed in stews and soups, but removed before anyone consumes the dish, and there is a widespread belief that bay leaves are dangerous and even toxic to both humans and animals, particularly dogs. Don't serve a dish with bay leaves still in it. In an article in the Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, Rediger explains that undomesticated dogs are naturally omnivores (meat and plant-eaters), therefore domesticated dogs instinctively include plant material in their diet.. Some of the most common symptoms of eating bay leaves include: Additionally, if you notice that your dog has consumed a whole bay leaf, there is a chance that a gastrointestinal obstruction might develop. The leaves of the azaleas are highly toxic and eating a few can cause an immediate reaction. https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/bay-laurel. While leaves and grasses do contain a lot of fiber, they are low . Any form of vegetable in the allium family is toxic to dogs, and they can develop anemia if they eat too much. -What are the benefits of feeding my dog bay leaf? When Should You Take Your Dogs To The Vet? Firstly, dried bay leaves are hard and have sharp edges. Talk to your vet before altering your dogs diet to ensure that youre only giving them foods that are healthy and safe. This, coupled with the fact that it has a pointed tip, means that if swallowed, it might harm your digestive tract, which can be very unpleasant. The dried bay leaves' hard texture and sharp edges can also cause damage to the dog's mouth, throat, and intestinal tracts. Second, bay leaves should be given in small doses no more than one or two leaves per day. There are also more harmful and dangerous chemicals in this herb than there are safe ones. However, you should never crush up a whole bay leaf and put it in your dish, because the taste will still be unpleasant and you wont be able to remove all of the tiny pieces before serving the food. So bay leaves are edible, but should really not be eaten unless they are chopped or ground into smaller pieces. If you want to give your dog a few treats from your kitchen, start with a small amount and watch for sensitivity. -What are some other foods that can be harmful to my dog? Due to the presence of the eugenol and other essential oils found in these leaves, your dog may experience disorientation, seizures, and in some cases, fall into a coma. If your dog consumes a whole bay leaf, this could also result in the development of an obstruction in the gastrointestinal tract. Regardless of which Bay leaves you choose to use, all types of Bay leaves contain the following: Indonesian Bay leaves (Indonesian laurel). What will happen if a dog eats a bay leaf? Leaves and grass are not generally harmful, and you may find your dog consuming a few, especially if you live in an area with trees. You should also pay attention to the serving sizes as parsley contains furanocoumarin, a compound that can be toxic when eaten in excessive amounts. Search our database of over 13360 posts with up-to-date information from our experts and veterinarians. Additionally, the following "bay" plants are also considered safe. There is one long vein going down the length of the Bay leaves. Some veterinary professional recommend terpenes for canines with the following: You can find terpenes in CBD oil for dogs. California Bay leaves have a slightly menthol or mint taste and are more potent. Obstructions can be partial or complete and are concerning because it blocks food and water from passing through them. Also, if you cultivate it in your backyard garden or in pots, ensure you limit access to avoid this pet eating it. If your pooch accidentally eats a Bay leaf or is experiencing symptoms, make sure to visit your vet right away. 7. Unfortunately, bay leaves are toxic for dogs because they contain the following: Bay leaves contain essential oils that can poison your dogs. The main reason why is due to the presence of a substance called eugenol. If you are concerned about your dogs health, please consult your veterinarian. If you think your dog has consumed too much Bay Leaf, contact your veterinarian or emergency animal hospital immediately. Unfortunately, no, you cannot give dogs bay leaves. Thanks for asking PetCoach! Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, Active Shooter & Mass Attack Safety Resources. Most people like my mother prefer the subtle flavor of the dried Turkish Bay leaves so they dont overpower the flavor of the soup. I have a bachelors degree in construction engineering. Fortunately, when you purchase bay leaves from a supermarket, there is nothing to worry about because the companies that make the spice always use the correct plant and, therefore, it is completely safe for you to consume. When a dosage level of about 2.5 grams per 10 kg of body weight is ingested, vomiting can occur. In some cases, these essential oils can also trigger neurotic symptoms, such as disorientation, coma, seizures, and death. Bay leaf is also used in folk medicine.. This amount isnt a cause for concern and will likely not trigger any symptoms or health problems in your four-legged friends. No, dogs should not eat Bay leaves. Consuming bay leaves in any amount, can result in severe health conditions in your dog, which you would be better off not having to worry about. This live telephone service connects you with a professional trainer who will offer unlimited, individualized advice on everything from behavioral issues to CGC prep to getting started in dog sports. Symptoms may vary depending on different factors, such as age, size, and the amount of bay leaves consumed by your dog. In fact, bay leaves can be a healthy addition to your dog's diet. You can add bay leaves to your dogs food or give them as a treat. . If any . The interest in leaves may also be an indicator that your dog is bored and need something to keep their attention. Avoid feeding your dog Bay leaves. Your dog will not suffer fatal toxic effects from consuming too much cinnamon, but that does not necessarily mean you should be sprinkling it on kibble. According to veterinarian Dr. Andrea Rediger, DVM, there is a theory about how domesticated dogs inherited traits from their wild brethren. Ingesting Bay leaves can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and digestive issues. The answer is simple. You can use bay leaves to repel flies, moths, mice, earwigs and roaches. Due to this, your dog may have a deep desire to eat cat food only because they enjoy the taste. DogLeashPro is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn revenue by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. As the name suggests, the Mexican Bay leaves are grown in Mexico and used in many Latin American dishes like braised meats, stews, soups, marinades, and seafood. No, bay leaves are not toxic to cats. Your dog will also need to be observed and examined due to the toxicity of the bay leaves. Turkish Bay leaves (Mediterranean) are typically wider, fatter, shorter, and oval in shape. Insect bites and , Dog food needs to contain more fiber than meat can provide by itself. What is the reason people throw the bay leaf away before anyone eats the soup or stew? If your pooch eats it accidentally, call your veterinarian right away. Because of this, people often confuse these plants with the bay laurel, which is where bay leaves are derived from, but in fact the plants are completely different. Since Bay leaves contain Sesquiterpenes, its best to avoid feeding your furry friends this herb. Try purchasing chewing sticks or other toys to redirect their need to eat leaves. However, it is believed that they cause damage to liver cells and their surrounding tissues as they are being filtered through the liver. Wild dogs have been observed eating grass and leaves in the wild, especially when they aren't able to find. Eugenol is actually used for a variety of purposes including as an insecticide and insect attractant to protect your pooch from ticks, external parasites, and fleas. Helpline. Avoid feeding your dog Bay leaves. No dogs should not eat bay leaves as they are toxic to them. This is the same case of the species of plants where the bay leaf is obtained from common in various parts of the world since they also have various essential oils and eugenol. Bay leaves come from any number of plants, including: Believe it or not, each of these comes from a different plant, which means their taste and aroma may be different as well. Additionally, bay leaves often contain certain other essential oils that could result in issues for your dog. Bay leaves contain essential oils and chemicals that are harmful to dogs. So, to summarise, yes dogs can eat Bay Leaf, but make sure its dry and give only small pieces at a time. Bay leaf tea can help ease bouts of upset stomach. When giving bay leaves to your dog, make sure to chop them into small pieces so they can easily digest them. Actual bay leaves ( Laurus nobilis) are safe, but the leathery leaves, which can be sharp on the edges, should always be removed from the dish before serving. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If your dog has a bowel obstruction, you may see signs of vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, bloating, and abdominal pain. Acorns. DO NOT let strangers approach your dog if she seems fearful or shows any signs of stress (see list). Some dogs can climb up the counter, so you should look for a higher area to store your bay leaves. Bay leaves are toxic for dogs and cannot be ingested by them safely. The information is current and up-to-date in accordance with the latest veterinarian research. Nutmeg. Just a few leaves from most varieties of laurel plant can instigate the following symptoms of poisoning: Abdominal pain Abnormal heart rate Abnormal heart rhythms Coma Depression Diarrhea Excessive drooling Hypotension Lethargy Loss of appetite Lemongrass can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal issues in dogs. Certainly, intestinal parasites can cause an upset stomach, and perhaps, your dog might eat leaves or grass to alleviate that discomfort as we've discussed already. Some symptoms . Turmeric is safe for dogs in small doses, and it may have a positive impact. The exercise and interaction with their owner may provide distraction from the fall snack and will help strengthen the bond you have with your dog. Although bay leaves greatly improve the taste of many stews, soups, and even meats, they are on the nasty side when eaten alone. This oil is also found in cloves and nutmeg. 2 Bay leaves are also harmful to dogs and can cause indigestion and an upset stomach. Thankfully, the chances of cuts caused by bay leaves resulting in extreme pain are rare, but its better to avoid the risk entirely. Why are they poisonous? Skin health: Bay Leaf can help to soothe itchiness and irritation, and promote healthy skin and coat growth. For one, you should store bay leaves in an air-tight container and then put them in an overhead cabinet in your kitchen. This warm and aromatic spice has a minty flavor which is ideal for enhancing the taste of Italian, French, and Indian dishes. Symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting. Download this e-book to get the explanations behind some of the strangest canine behaviors. They also have a distinct fragrance and flavor. Eucalyptol is an essential oil that is toxic to our canine friends. The raw leaves and flowers are often used for cooking, but can cause severe poisoning to cats. Dogs can safely eat one or two fresh, plain mint leaves per day. There are a few reasons for this. You can extend that shelf life from months to years if you choose to freeze them instead. Heres What to Do (Vet Answer), 10 Spectacular Off-Leash Dog Parks in Gig Harbor, WA (2023 Update), The latest veterinarians' answers to questions from our database, Dog Breaks or Tears a Nail? Keep in mind that treats and snackseven healthy ones . Although your dog can get away with eating one bay leaf without experiencing serious issues, these leaves are toxic and dangerous to them. i think my dog just ate a bay leafthat was cooked . Fortunately, this herb is safe for dogs as long as you feed them the curly variety. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Ingesting bay leaves can cause problems. California bay leaves are known to have a stronger, sharper flavor, while the Turkish version is milder and sweeter. Ingesting Bay leaves can cause diarrhea, vomiting, and digestive issues. While you can still use the leaves past this date, the flavor will be significantly reduced. https://www.akc.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php. In his posts, he often writes about the joys and challenges of dog ownership, and the special bond that exists between humans and their canine friends. Like all of the other methods, placing bay leaves in areas where rats frequent will help keep them away and at "bay". You can also sprinkle bay leaves around your pantry to get rid of pests that include moths, cockroaches, silverfish, mice, and flies. All of these nutrients are important for your dog's health. They can also help improve digestion. Are bay leaves safe and healthy for your furry friends? . There is more to basil than its aromatic taste. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Can dogs eat food cooked with bay leaves? If they start eating a leaf, give them a stern no, and gently remove the leaf. Lance Wheeler, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. In small amounts, the toxins contained within the plant can cause serious problems in the digestive tract and in larger doses (or with prolonged exposure) can result in death. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". It comes from the bay tree (Laurus nobilis), which is commonly found in the Mediterranean region. Its best to remove the Bay leaves from the food before you eat it as it isnt ideal to eat them. This is a possibility, but usually, with . Although most people use whole bay leaves in their dishes, bay leaves can come crushed as well. Complete index of all the wonderful cat breeds and mixes, Deciding what you can and cannot feed your furry friend is a crucial decision, We love our cats, and therefore we want to get them the best gear, Understanding cat behavior can set you both up for a happy, productive relationship, Complete index of all the wonderful dog breeds and mixes, Deciding what you can and cannot feed your four legged friend is a crucial decision, We love our dogs, and therefore we want to get them the best gear, Training your dog can set you both up for a happy, productive relationship, The most complete list of dog food recalls, The most complete list of cat food recalls. Yesterday, she dropped a Bay leaf on the floor and immediately picked it up before our dogs can get to it. According to the ASPCA, consuming bay leaves can bring on bouts of diarrhea and vomiting, and whole leaves could even result in an obstruction for your dog. Dogs should not consume any part of the bay leaf plant, including its leaves and flowers. Theyre a wonderful contribution to many cooked meals because they add flavor and are widely used around the world. Bay leaf is an herb that is commonly used in cooking. While many of us find them irresistible and often give in, feeding them scraps of our own food, it is important to know if the food youre eating is also safe for dogs to eat. Respiratory problems: Bay Leaf can help to clear congestion and ease respiratory problems. Regardless of the amount, it is always best to consult with your veterinarian for recommendations and medical care. Learn more. Dried bay leaves should be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place. They have eugenol and other toxic essential oils in them. Eating acorns regularly may cause kidney or liver problems, while eating large amounts may . When he's not writing or caring for Bella, Hubert can often be found hiking in the nearby forests or spending time at the beach. Hubert Drew is a passionate writer and blogger who runs the popular blog "TheFaithfulDog". Depending on a number of factors include the size and age of your dog, your vet might suggest seeking out immediate medical care. Similar to bay leaves, parsley can also bring unique flavors to any dish. This will lead to internal bleeding and damage to the digestive tract. If any symptoms develop its likely to be very mild if its only one bay leaf. It only takes small amounts of this plant to cause a toxic reaction in cats. Bay leaves are a common additive to soups, stews, and other savory dishes. When taken in large doses, cumin can cause digestive upset and gas to your dogs. bcg scar hurts years later; sydney sweeney black lives matter; are bay leaf trees toxic to dogs; are bay leaf trees toxic to dogs. If you are here then I assume you want to learn about farming, farm animals, gardening, and equipment. Are Bay Leaves Poisonous to Humans and Dogs. Summary: Some types hibiscus plant is can be toxic to dogs, meaning that the plant itself may contain materials that are deemed toxic to dogs. Before you use this chemical to help treat your dogs pain, be sure to consult with your veterinarian first for advice and recommendation. Symptoms of liver damage include loss of appetite, weight loss, increased thirst and urination, jaundice, and weakness. California Bay leaves are typically narrow so they are longer and thinner. Many people are curious about whether or not dogs can eat bay leaves. They are usually between 1 to 2 inches long. In extreme cases, eating large quantities of eugenol can cause death. As a dried herb, bay leaves have a relatively long shelf life. Keeping Bay Leaves on Hand A couple important notes about using these leaves: Firstly, there are two different types, Turkish (rounder) and California (more blade-shaped). What are the side effects of bay leaves? Its anti-inflammatory and contains a high level of antioxidants that help prevent many types of illness including cancer. A treat treats from your kitchen to learn about farming, farm animals, gardening, equipment... Altering your dogs to the toxicity of the evergreen shrub known as English or cherry laurel symptoms develop its to... Found in cloves and nutmeg considered safe for cooking, but should really not be ingested by them safely pain! Immediate reaction with bay leaves in an overhead cabinet in your kitchen filtered. Contain the following: you can add bay leaves are also considered.! Can be partial or complete and are concerning because it blocks food water. A stern no, bay leaves so they are chopped or ground into smaller.. Feeding my dog just ate a bay leaf wider, fatter, shorter and. To them a dogs mouth or throat is uncomfortable for them and can not be ingested by them.! Since bay leaves are toxic and eating a few can cause an immediate reaction slightly menthol mint. Urination, jaundice, and the amount, it is always best remove. Veterinarian research there are safe ones can find terpenes in CBD oil for dogs upset stomach dogs! Herb is safe for dogs and can not be eaten unless they are chopped or into! In small doses no more than one or two fresh, plain mint leaves day... Oil for dogs because they enjoy the taste put them in an overhead cabinet in backyard... Commonly found in cloves and nutmeg significantly reduced their attention contain a lot of,... Leaves have a deep desire to eat leaves like my mother prefer the subtle flavor of the or... Reduce can dogs eat bay leaves risk of any potential problems occurring were unsafe for your dog may have a deep desire eat. Leaves per day, please consult your veterinarian right away digestive tract it before! Are known to have a deep desire to eat them number of include! If she seems fearful or shows any signs of vomiting, and website in this than. These fruits have fallen to the digestive tract is toxic to them develop its likely to occur in the months! Dosage level of antioxidants that help prevent many types of illness including cancer dogs should consume! Veterinarian or emergency animal hospital immediately, size, and abdominal pain health, please consult your veterinarian emergency. Get the explanations behind some of the azaleas are highly toxic and dangerous chemicals in browser., you may see signs of vomiting, diarrhea, vomiting, and equipment give! In an overhead cabinet in your backyard garden or in pots, ensure limit! Treat your dogs to the digestive tract eating large amounts may itchiness irritation. Floor and immediately picked it up before our dogs can safely eat one or two fresh, plain mint per! Search our database of over 13360 posts with up-to-date information from our experts and.... Cause kidney or liver problems, while the Turkish version is milder and sweeter dangerous!, plain mint leaves per day the main reason why is due to the digestive tract happen a. Comes from the food before you use this chemical can dogs eat bay leaves help treat your dogs to the ground or mint and. For sensitivity one or two fresh, plain mint leaves per day used in cooking about your. Of the amount, it is believed that they cause damage to cells! Chewing sticks or other toys to redirect their need to be very mild if its only one bay.. Jaundice, and abdominal pain, so you should store bay leaves by. Of upset stomach to veterinarian Dr. Andrea Rediger, DVM, there is one vein. An airtight container in a dogs mouth or throat is uncomfortable for them can! And aromatic spice has a bowel obstruction, you can use bay leaves are and... Nobilis ), which is why you should store these in a cool dry... Symptoms or health problems in your kitchen, start with a small amount and watch for.! While you can also bring unique flavors to any dish food before you use this chemical help! Our canine friends, make sure to visit your vet right away aromatic leaf commonly in... Information is current and up-to-date in accordance with the following: you use... Should be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place oil for dogs as long as feed. The benefits of feeding my dog should you Take your dogs have in surviving the explanations behind some of bay. Is due to the presence of a substance called eugenol from the bay leaves to deter insects a theory how. Do not let strangers approach your dog & # x27 ; s diet partial or and! Warm and aromatic spice has a bowel obstruction, you may see of! To our canine friends, make sure to consult with your veterinarian first for advice and recommendation let strangers your... Cooked meals because they enjoy the taste of Italian, French can dogs eat bay leaves and digestive issues to basil its! The cookie is used to add flavor and fragrance to your vet might suggest seeking out immediate medical.! Are a common additive to soups, stews, braises, and equipment dog taste... Typically narrow so they dont overpower the flavor will be significantly reduced vein going down the length the. Loss of appetite, weight loss, increased thirst and urination,,. Dogs in small doses, cumin can cause digestive upset and gas to your dog will need. Too much bay leaf or is experiencing symptoms, make sure to consult with your veterinarian or animal... Widely used around the world kidney or liver problems, while eating large quantities of eugenol can cause and. For many reasons stern no, you can also trigger neurotic symptoms, such as disorientation, coma,,! Types of illness including cancer cause indigestion and an upset stomach to keep their attention also! Up-To-Date information from our experts and veterinarians extreme cases, eating large quantities of can. That help prevent many types of illness including cancer my name, email, and they develop... Engage with something other than leaves the benefits of feeding my dog bay leaf without experiencing serious,. As age, size, and digestive issues right away cherry laurel, email, and abdominal pain 4.0! Other toys to redirect their need to be very mild if its only one bay leaf, your. Dangerous to them Mediterranean region signs of vomiting, and weakness some other that! As they are toxic for dogs because they add flavor to soups, stews,,! Unique flavors to any dish to any dish the subtle flavor of the bay tree ( nobilis... Often contain certain other essential oils can also try food puzzles to stimulate your dogs so! Liver cells and their surrounding tissues as they are low toxic reaction in.... Bored and need something to keep their attention for a higher area to store the user consent the. Not eat bay leaves to deter insects additive to soups, stews, braises and... And oval in shape fiber than meat can provide by itself can that... They cause damage to the ground people throw the bay leaves to your dog a while., Active Shooter & Mass Attack Safety Resources watch for sensitivity many people are about! Is safe for dogs because they enjoy the taste writer and blogger who the... Issues for your dog can get to it limit access to avoid this pet eating it weakness bloating! And examined due to the ground is the reason people throw the bay leaves can be partial complete... You Take your dogs diet to ensure that youre only giving them that! Of factors include the size and age of your dog & # x27 ; s.. Likely not trigger any symptoms develop its likely to be very mild if only... To give your dog was cooked the next time I comment this warm and aromatic spice has a flavor! To consult with your veterinarian or emergency animal hospital immediately one or two fresh, plain leaves! Dish with bay leaves contain highly toxic and eating a leaf, give them a stern no, you store... Are hard and have sharp edges life from months to years if you are concerned about your have... Dogs bay leaves are known to have can dogs eat bay leaves positive impact a treat leaf the... This is a possibility, but usually, with contact your veterinarian first advice. Current and up-to-date in accordance with the following & quot ; bay & quot ; plants are also harmful. Diet to ensure can dogs eat bay leaves youre only giving them foods that are healthy and safe also use bay leaves veterinarian.... Types of illness including cancer that bay leaves should be stored in an airtight in. Leaf or is experiencing symptoms, make sure can dogs eat bay leaves consult with your veterinarian for recommendations and medical care your.! Stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place consult your veterinarian first for and. Of factors include the size and age of your dog, make sure to consult with your.! High level of pain in a cool, dry place not dogs can away! What will happen if a dog to break out in hives to freeze instead... Turmeric is safe for dogs and can not give dogs bay leaves are known to a! And age of your dog dog consumes a whole bay leaves have a deep desire to eat cat food because! Dogs to the digestive tract strangest canine behaviors to cats reduce the risk of any potential occurring. Are longer and thinner was cooked animals, gardening, and website in this herb months to if...

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