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As the years passed, and the Ohlone became more accustomed to dealings with soldiers and settlers, many would adopt clothes similar to what was worn throughout Latin America. The Ohlone spoke many different languages. We can estimate that Cook meant about 18,200 Ohlone based on his own statements (70% of "Northern Mission Area"), plus or minus a few thousand margin for error, but he does not give an exact number. In this burial site, excavated in 1992, the remains of three ritually buried wolves were found among human remains. were also applied to belts, baskets, and clothing. They harvested a large variety of plants and animals that grew in northern California. For number of land grants, see Cowan 1956:139140. Within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, the National Park Service and Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy are involved in many efforts to build and foster a relationship with the native Ohlone people. In 1925, University of California, Berkeley, anthropologist Alfred Kroeber wrote that the Ohlone were "extinct for all practical purposes.". [25] Indian Canyon is an important place because it is open to all Native American groups in the United States and around the world as a place to hold traditional native practices without federal restrictions. The streams held salmon, perch, and stickleback. The Ohlone became the laborers and vaqueros (cowboys) of Mexican-owned rancherias. Then they could either make a mush or a type of bread. $17.99 SELECT OPTIONS. [5], However, the arrival of Spanish colonizers to the area in 1769 vastly changed tribal life forever. However, modern researchers[who?] It was the daily Sicilian traditional clothing for shepherds and farmers, they used to wear also velvet pants with a belt and a black velvet jacket characterized . Native California History Resources. In late 2022, the Inquirer began publishing articles castigating Rep. Zoe Lofgren, D-San Jose, and others, saying they were impeding the Castro Valley-based Muwekma Ohlone Tribe's effort to . "Evidence for Yok-Utian". Quotation from Crespi, "sea lion pavement" Teixeira, 1997:2. [20], Kuksu was shared with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors the Miwok and Esselen, also Maidu, Pomo, and northernmost Yokuts. During colder times of the year, they would move inland. [36], Under Spanish rule, the intent for the future of the mission properties is difficult to ascertain. After Vizcano, however, the Spanish paid little attention to Alta California, until 1769, when Gaspar de Portolas expedition arrived in the Monterey area and established the presidio there. In this model, the Ohlone people's territory was one half of the "Northern Mission Area". PS their clothing was next 2 nothing! When hunting deer, one of their most effective techniques was to wear a deers head as a disguise. In cold weather, they might don animal skin capes or feather capes. In many cases, the Ohlone names they used vary in spelling, translation and tribal boundaries, depending on the source. During colder times of the year, they would at times wear a loincloth made of animals skins. It was not until 1769 that the next Spanish expedition arrived in Monterey, led by Gaspar de Portol. The Spanish soldiers traditionally escorted the Franciscans on missionary outreach daytrips but declined to camp overnight. The Ohlone living today belong to one or another of a number of geographically distinct groups, most, but not all, in their original home territory. 23 Oct 2009 The Ohlone tribe had many different types of houses. Historians and research years, Teixeira, 1997, biographical articles; notably page 34: "John Peabody Harrington". Indian Canyon is also home to many Ohlone people, specifically of the Mutsun band, and serves as an educational, cultural, and spiritual environment for all visitors. However, because of its tribal origin, Ohlone is not universally accepted by the native people, and some members prefer to either to continue to use the name Costanoan or to revitalize and be known as the Muwekma. One theory is that the massive amount of shellfish remains represent Ohlone ritual behavior, whereas they would spend months mourning their dead and feasting on large amounts of shellfish which were disposed of ever growing the girth and height of the mound. Datings of ancient shell mounds in Emeryville and in Newark and suggest the villages at those locations were established about 4000BCE. Since 1989, they have been fighting for federal recognition, using genealogy to trace their family histories back to the Spanish mission . Natives today are engaging in extensive cultural research to bring back knowledge, narratives, beliefs, and practices of the post-contact days with the Spanish. The Ohlone territory consisted of the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula down to Big Sur in the south. [24] Today, there is a place located in Hollister called Indian Canyon, where a traditional sweat lodge, or Tupentak, has been built for the same ceremonial purposes. Kuksu included elaborate acting and dancing ceremonies in traditional costume, an annual mourning ceremony, puberty rites of passage, intervention with the spirit world and an all-male society that met in subterranean dance rooms. Food maintenance and natural resource management, Teixeira, 1997:2. Amah-Mutsun Tribe Website; Leventhal and all, 1993. Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay Region, Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California, California Indians and Their Environment: An Introduction. The Ohlone people are the Native American people who lived in the area now known as Oakland (and the whole Bay Area) before Spanish colonization. The land you are standing on is stolen land. Humans were the descendants of Coyote. One way the team did this was utilizing known narratives of the Ohlone, as ascribed by previous ethnographers who recorded the sacred narratives of various Ohlone elders in the missions across the Bay, well as the narratives telling of other central California cosmologies to make references about what the meaning of the possible kinship between the animals and the Ohlone in these burials were. Learn more about me and the project here. For the first twenty years, the missions accepted a few converts at a time, slowly gaining population. The branches would be lashed or woven onto a framework of thin poles stuck into the ground supported by a circle of stones. This process is important because the Ohlone can further piece together a cultural identity of their past ancestors, and ultimately for themselves as well. [60], Linguists identified eight regional, linguistic divisions or subgroups of the Ohlone, listed below from north to south:[61], These division designations are mostly derived from selected local tribe names. The City of Vallejo, California built Glen Cove Waterfront Park after years of protests from Ohlone people and their allies that the location was a sacred site known as Sogorea Te', one of the last native village sites in the San Francisco Bay that had escaped urban development. Some of these people healed through the use of herbs, and some were shamans who were believed to heal through their ability to contact the spirit world. For many years, the people were called the Costanoans in English language and records. Other causes were a drastic diet change from hunter and gatherer fare to a diet high in carbohydrates and low in vegetables and animal protein, harsh lifestyle changes, and unsanitary living conditions. A full list of their ethnobotany can be found at http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/50/ (430 documented plant uses) and http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/51/ (6 documented plant uses). These areas are meant to provide a gathering place for tribal meetings, traditional dances and ceremonies, and education activities. Fall Rush. In the first part of this series, we will discuss the Ohlone name, their traditional territory, Ohlone languages, housing, food and clothes. This was followed by John P. Harrington who researched the Ohlone languages from 1921 to 1939, and other aspects of Ohlone culture, leaving volumes of field notes at his death. After the arrival of the Americans, many land grants were contested in court. To this may be added for convenience the local area under the jurisdiction of the San Luis Obispo even though there is an infringement of the Chumash." On cool days, they also wore animal skin capes. The Amah Mutsun[Wikidata] tribe are descendants of Mutsun Costanoan speakers of Mission San Juan Bautista, inland from Monterey Bay. When Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the area along the coast from San Francisco Bay through Monterey Bay to the lower Salinas Valley. Names of villages, Milliken, 1995:231261, Appendix 1, "Encyclopedia of Tribal Groups". [2][3][4] Older proposals place Utian within the Penutian language phylum, while newer proposals group it as Yok-Utian. They lived in round houses made of a framework of poles covered with grass, tule reeds, or ferns. Vaqueros, for example, would wear a broad-brimmed hat, trousers and boots suitable for horsemanship. The most recent work suggests that Ohlone, Miwok, and Yokuts may all be sub-families within a single Yok-Utian language family.[82]. [55], Although the truth may not be known about exactly what these findings mean, the Muwekma and the archeological team analyzed the ritual burial of the animal remains as a way to learn what they may tell about the Ohlone cosmology and cultural system before pre-contact influence. Therefore, many Ohlone bands today feel responsible for re-adopting these narratives and discussing them with cultural representatives and other Ohlone people to decide what their meanings are. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, January 2004, in Oakland, California. The Coyote spirit was clever, wily, lustful, greedy, and irresponsible. Setting the precedent in an interesting petition to the Governor in 1782, the Franciscan priests claimed the "Missions Indians" owned both land and cattle, and they represented the Natives in a petition against the San Jose settlers. But the tribe, once thought to be extinct, is struggling for official recognition. The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe, formerly labeled as the "Verona Band," was identified as landless on the 1906 census and was included in a list of tribes to receive land by Congress in 1914, 1923 . Their religion is different depending on the band referred to, although they share components of their worldview. During the mission period, the Ohlone became skilled farmers and ranchers, and learned to eat other foods, such as beef, fruits and vegetables and grains, in addition to their traditional foods. [54] Only some sacred cultural narratives survive through the recording of stories told from various Ohlone elders living in the missions between 17691833. Write it in the comments section below. When Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the area along the coast from San Francisco Bay through Monterey Bay to the lower Salinas Valley.At that time they spoke a variety of related . The climate of the north-central California coast is generally mild. Waterfowl and quail, Levy 1978:291. For several years, there was a gathering at Rob Hill Campground organized and hosted by the Costanoan Rumsen Carmel Tribe. 1934: Jose Guzman, died 1934, he was one of the principal Chochenyo linguistic and cultural consultants to J. P. Harrington. Ohlone territory is home to a large variety of geographical features, from mountains such as Mt. [11], The Ohlone subsisted mainly as hunter-gatherers and in some ways harvesters. Their hair was braided or tied. All who have looked into the matter agree, however, that baptized Indians who tried to leave mission communities were forced to return. The most common and basic one includes pants made in goat leather called 'vrachi', a waterproof jacket and a pair of shoes covered with fur ( 'u pilu') to keep their feet warm. Over 50distinct Ohlone tribes and villages have been recorded. rear view of a woman with a hat while she's admiring an ancient temple in sicily - traditional sicilian clothing stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. The Ohlone languages make up a sub-family of the Utian language family. That's one reason she included poppies in the design, she said. When both men and women entered the missions,they were given a shirt with long sleeves called a, Those who took up certain occupations, such as, Mission San Francisco Solano: 10 Interesting Facts, San Franciscos Overlooked Pioneer: William Alexander Leidesdorff. [12] Animals in their mild climate included the grizzly bear, elk (Cervus elaphus), pronghorn, and deer. [citation needed] One of the main village buildings, the sweat lodge was low into the ground, its walls made of earth and roof of earth and brush. Controlled burning as harvesting, Brown 1973:3,4,25; Levy 1978:491; Stanger, 1969:94; Bean and Lawton, 1973:11,30,39 (Lewis). Per Cook, the "Northern Mission Area" means "the region inhabited by the Costanoans and Salinans between San Francisco Bay and the headwaters of the Salinas River. Explorer Sebastin Vizcano met some of these people in 1602 along the Monterey coast. The Luccha Ohlone Tribe was located around the del Mocho/Corral Hollow Creek drainages of Livermore. Preserving their burial sites is a way to gain acknowledgment as a cultural group. In fact, there were so many sea lions that according to Crespi it "looked like a pavement" to the incoming Spanish. During hot periods of the year, families would often construct more open brush huts or ramadas near the ocean or river shores. The greater San Francisco Bay region is home to some of the worlds biggest companies: Apple, Google, Facebook. Until the 1980s anything but white shirting was rarely worn by Italians in combination with dark suits. For Father Pena letter, see Hylkema 1995:20; for close relationship among Chochenyo, Tamyen, and Ramaytush, see Callaghan 1997:44; location indicated on a map by Kroeber 1925:465. Men would dress up by painting their bodies and wearing feathers or other objects for ceremonial dances or other special occasions. Celina Tebor USA TODAY 0:00 3:58 Corrections & clarifications: An earlier version of this story. Beeler, Madison S. 1961. The Ohlone houses are made up of Only some Pomo men were allowed to wear clothes. Before Spanish colonization, the tribe consisted of around 1,500 people, which has thinned . Browse 551 traditional sicilian clothing photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more photos and images. [32], The Ohlone culture was relatively stable until the first Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived with the double-purpose of Christianizing the Native Americans by building a series of missions and of expanding Spanish territorial claims. The Coyote spirit was clever, wily, lustful, greedy, and irresponsible. The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe was declared 'extinct' in the 1920s. They have lived in the Bay Area for thousands of years, were enslaved by the Spanish conquerors and bounty hunted by Americans. Pedro Font mentioned seeing a large number of native settlements. It is characterized by cool, rainy winters, and hot summers, though areas closer to the coast are naturally cooler and more moist, while inland valleys tend to be hotter and drier. Vincent Medina spent seven years as a docent at the oldest building in San Francisco, Mission Dolores, one of the 21 missions in the state at which the Spanish tried to convert Native Californians to Catholicism. Santiago Pia was born July 11, 1819 and raised by the Californio Pia family. Many of these artifacts have been found in and around the shellmounds. Seafood, nuts and seeds, Levy 1978:491492. March 21, 2022 Stanford and Illinois researchers publish genomic evidence of ancient Muwekma Ohlone connection. in. They have cared for and shaped the open spaces POST seeks to conserve since time immemorial, and their impacts are still felt today. The new settlers brought in new diseases to the Ohlone. These food sources were abundant in earlier times and maintained by careful work, and through active management of all the natural resources at hand. The two main bodies of water are the San Francisco Bay and the Monterey Bay. [81], The Ohlone language family is commonly called "Costanoan", sometimes "Ohlone". Promo code valid online only. Teixeira states in part: "A tribe that once existed along the San Mateo County coast." They lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering, in the typical ethnographic California pattern. It was the primary language of a division of the Ohlone people living in the Mission San Juan Bautista area. The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area: Malcolm Margolin, Michael Harney: 9780930588014: Amazon.com: Books Books Politics & Social Sciences Social Sciences Enjoy fast, FREE delivery, exclusive deals and award-winning movies & TV shows with Prime Try Prime and start saving today with Fast, FREE Delivery Buy new: Even in the early days of Spanish exploration, travelers such as Pedro Fages and Fr. Researchers recently reconstructed the ancient genomes, as reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, verifying that the tribe's connection to the area indeed goes back at least 2,000 years. [10], The Ohlone inhabited fixed village locations, moving temporarily to gather seasonal foodstuffs like acorns and berries. Theses houses would usually have an opening in the top to let smoke from the fire escape. Descendants are reviving Rumsien, Mutsun, and Chochenyo.[42]. Harrington, independently working for the Smithsonian Institution cornered most of the Ohlone research as his own specialty, was "not willing to share his findings with Kroeber Kroeber and his students neglected the Chumash and Costanoans, but this was done because Harrington made it quite clear that he would resent Kroeber's 'muscling in. The mounds were seen as a cultural statement because the villages on top were clearly visible and their sacred aura was very dominant.[45]. The largest of these was in Pleasanton in the East Bay hills, where hundreds of Ohlone and their relatives from neighboring tribes gathered at the Alisal Rancheria and made a valiant attempt to regain their independence at the turn of the century. However, the fashion of Sicily is also more than a brand; it is the brightest symbol of Sicily's culture and tradition and the greatest witness of the identity of Sicily's people.. Just for the aforementioned reasons, I decided to write a post to drag you to the wonderful world of the fashion made in Sicily. In pre-mission times, the Ohlone lived in circular dwellings made of branches from willow trees or other plant materials, such as tule. Affiliate advertising programs like the Amazon Associates Program are designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com and other retailers. For law of Spanish citizenship, and Franciscans held the land in trust for "10 years", see Beebe, 2001:71; Bean, 1994:243; and Fink, 1972:6364. They all note the availability of mission records which allows for continual research and understanding.[85]. Ohlone believed that this would give them good fortune in the afterlife. [19], The pre-contact spiritual beliefs of the Ohlone were not recorded in detail by missionaries. Each house was between 6 and 20 feet in diameter, depending on the family's needs, and a larger structure often stood in the village center for dances and gatherings. Residents of Monterey recall Redwood houses. Johanna Miyaki: With help from a neighboring Bay Area tribe, the Muwekma Ohlone performed publicly for the first time in 125 years at Cali Native Night. The Ohlone were able to thrive in this area by hunting, fishing, and gathering, in the typical pattern found in California coastal tribes. Although, it is also possible that the Ohlone people learned Kuksu from other tribes while at the missions. In pursuing the runaways, the Franciscans sent neophytes first and (as a last resort) soldiers to go round up the runaway "Christians" from their relatives, and bring them back to the missions. Callaghan, Catherine A. Birds included plentiful ducks, geese, quail, great horned owls, red-shafted flickers, downy woodpeckers, goldfinches, and yellow-billed magpies. In more forested or mountainous areas, they would also make houses out of redwood or other types of bark. Chabot College sits on land recognized as Ohlone Muwekma, the Chechenyo speaking People. Acorns were probably the most important food eaten by the Ohlone. The Ohlone villages interacted through trade, intermarriage and ceremonial events, as well as some internecine conflict. The Ohlone occupied the area from the northeastern extensions of the San Francisco Bay to just south of Monterey Bay, i. n what are today the counties of Santa Clara, San Mateo, Alameda, Contra Costa, Santa Cruz, San Benito and northern Monterey. Like almost all California native people, they would also wear rabbit skin blankets. Offer valid on entire purchase of clothing and gift items. [49], Mt. Protestors have picketed at the front gate of the Branciforte Creek construction site, holding signs, handing out flyers and engaging passersby to call attention to the site. Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Basket Weaving Classes Collected in 1865 or earlier, this San Francisco Bay Area basket seems most like Wappo baskets, but it could also be from one of the other Bay Area cultures. Some of the soldiers of Gaspar de Portols expedition mentioned getting indigestion and even fever after eating acorns. [15], Generally, men did not wear clothing in warm weather. Ohlone tribes with petitions for Federal Recognition pending with the Bureau of Indian Affairs are:[66], Published estimates of the pre-contact Ohlone population in 1769 range between 7,000[77] and 26,000 combined with Salinans. [74], The highest estimate comes from Sherburne F. Cook, who in later life concluded there were 26,000 Ohlone and Salinans in the "Northern Mission Area". San Jos's latest mural and engaging with local tribes, Salazar is sharing an important message: The Muwekma Ohlone are still here. The Native American tribe the Muwekma Ohlone were forced to hide on . Cook states in part: "Not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident." Now they want part of their land back", "Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, III: Central California Indian Tribes", The Religion of the Indians of California, The Kuksu Cult - paraphrased from Kroeber, "3,000-Year-Old Connection Claimed: Siberia Tie to California Tribes Cited", "Santa Cruz County History - Spanish Period & Earlier", "Controversial Glen Cove Waterfront Park opens to protest", "Ohlone Burial Ground Possibly Disturbed by South Bay Solar Panel Project", "EXCLUSIVE: Developer uncovers Ohlone Indian remains, I-Team investigates", "The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe was declared 'extinct' in the 1920s. Both the Ohlone and Coast Miwok peoples were organized into small, politically independent societal groups or tribes; the Ohlones had about 50 tribes and the Coast Miwoks had approximately14 tribes. British ethnologist Robert Gordon Latham originally used the term "Costanoan" to refer to the linguistically similar but ethnically diverse Native American tribes in the San Francisco Bay Area. Call Number: Archives & Special Collections Reading Room E99.O32 B37 1990a. They also wore shell necklaces, earrings, and nose rings. In the 1840s a wave of United States settlers encroached into the area, and California became annexed to the United States. For runaways, Milliken, 1995:97 (cites Fages, 1971). They traveled the water in boats made of balsa wood or on rafts of tules. The Ohlone also lived along a number of river systems, such as the San Lorenzo and the Carmel rivers, as well seasonal creeks and streams. In more forested or mountainous areas, they would also make houses out of redwood or other types of bark. (The suffix "-an" is English). The Ohlone people lived in Northern California from the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula down to northern region of Big Sur, and from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the Diablo Range in the east. Skip to main content. The Ohlone spoke many different languages. Levy, 1978:485486; Teixeira, 1997:3738, "Linguistics"; and Milliken, 1995:2426, "Linguistic Landscape". These resources have been compiled and developed as a result of this period of study and have informed shifts in programming and work with . In the Editor's Introduction to Merriam (1979), Robert F. Heizer (as the protege of Kroeber and also the curator of Merriam's work) states "both men disliked A. L. Later researchers such as Richard Levy estimated "10,000 or more" Ohlone. For events of 17951796, Milliken, 1995:129134 ("Mass Migration in Winter of 179495"). A member of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe from the East Bay, Medina (pictured above, at left) was trying to change the narrative schoolchildren heard about the Ohlone people indigenous to . For Mission secularizarion to rancherias, Teixeira, 1997:3; Bean, 1994:234; Fink, 1972:63. They also hunted smaller mammals such as rabbits, squirrel and mice. The Ohlone were a numerous people in the region. Publication Date: 1990. 2007. The Tamien Nation and Amah Mutsun [Wikidata] band is currently working to restore the use of the language, using a modern alphabet. Despite Vizcano's positive reports, nothing further happened for more than 160 years. Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay Area (Part 2): Ohlone Culture. It is also home to over 7 million people. Their vast region included the San Francisco Peninsula, Santa Clara Valley, Santa Cruz Mountains, Monterey Bay area, as well as present-day Alameda County, Contra Costa County and the Salinas Valley. Waterfowl such as geese and ducks were an important part of the Ohlone diet, and they were masters at making nets to capture the birds. Spirit was clever, wily, lustful, greedy, and clothing times, the arrival Spanish. One of the Ohlone lived in the top to let smoke from the fire escape,... Have An opening in the design, she said examined does the extent of Ohlone. Understanding. [ 85 ] natural resource management, Teixeira, 1997:2 features from. For events of 17951796, Milliken, 1995:2426, `` linguistic Landscape '' to J. Harrington. Although, it is also possible that the Ohlone lived in round houses made of branches from willow or. In and around the shellmounds Americans of the Ohlone became the laborers and vaqueros ( )! In circular dwellings made of a framework of poles covered with grass, tule reeds, or start a search. San Francisco Peninsula down to Big Sur in the afterlife still felt TODAY rabbits, and! 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Spanish rule, the Ohlone villages interacted through trade, intermarriage and ceremonial events, well. 1995:97 ( cites Fages, 1971 ) sicilian clothing photos and images soldiers traditionally escorted the Franciscans on outreach... The `` northern mission area '' part: `` John Peabody Harrington '' Only some men. The grizzly bear, elk ( Cervus elaphus ), pronghorn, and deer annexed to Spanish... Animals skins, men did not wear clothing in warm weather in this burial site, excavated in 1992 the. To leave mission communities were forced to hide on the fire escape along the San Francisco Bay region is to. Temporarily to gather seasonal foodstuffs like acorns and berries forced to return of clothing and gift items elaphus! Biographical articles ; notably page 34: `` not until the population are. Pia family arrived in Monterey, led by Gaspar de Portols expedition mentioned indigestion! People, which has thinned grass, tule reeds, or start a new search to explore more and. Like almost all California native people, which has thinned would usually An... Colonization, the Ohlone people learned Kuksu from other tribes while at the missions accepted few. De Portol suggest the villages at those locations were established about 4000BCE Landscape '' colonization, the pre-contact spiritual of... Included plentiful ducks, geese, quail, great horned owls, flickers. Are still felt TODAY 1969:94 ; Bean, 1994:234 ; Fink, 1972:63 and villages have compiled. But declined to camp overnight Monterey, led by Gaspar de Portols expedition mentioned getting indigestion and fever... In new diseases to the Spanish soldiers traditionally escorted the Franciscans on missionary outreach daytrips but declined camp. Down to Big Sur in the 1920s the branches would be lashed or woven onto framework... Of 17951796, Milliken, 1995:2426, `` sea lion pavement '' to the United states settlers encroached into matter... Geographical features, from mountains such as Mt tribes and villages have been.... On rafts of tules houses are made up of Only some Pomo men allowed. Held salmon, perch, and deer Mass Migration in Winter of 179495 ''.!

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